Con la vecchia propaganda, perlomeno sapevi benissimo chi ti stava imbrogliando e perché. Oggi, con l'informazione liberalizzata, la propaganda si è fatta molto più sottile: non sai più chi ti sta imbrogliando, e neppure perché (anche se lo puoi sospettare).
Il sistema informativo monopolizzato dai governi totalitari ha parecchi difetti. Fra questi il fatto che chi riceve l'informazione sa benissimo che questa è filtrata e falsificata a seconda delle esigenze di chi la produce. In altre parole, si sa benissimo che è propaganda: non la si può mascherare come qualche altra cosa.
Nonostante tutto, la propaganda totalitaria classica ha una certa efficacia. Questo ha a che vedere col fatto che molti di noi preferiscono di gran lunga una bugia rassicurante a una verità scomoda. Tuttavia, non tutti ci cascano e con gli anni il pubblico si abitua a fare una robusta tara alle fesserie che si sente raccontare dal proprio governo. Infatti, i metodi propagandistici dei regimi totalitari del passato sono stati generalmente abbandonati, a parte certi posti molto disgraziati come la Corea del Nord con il suo leader supremo Kim Jong-Il. La stessa parola "propaganda" ha preso un significato negativo.
Ma la propaganda non è scomparsa; anzi, ha acquistato nuova vita in un regime mediatico pluralistico. Oggi, la propaganda può usare tecniche immensamente più sofisticate di quelle rozze e banali del tempo del Duce o di Stalin. In particolare, un metodo che si rivela estremamente efficace è quello di nascondere l'origine del messaggio; spacciando per opinioni "spontanee" quelle che sono invece messaggi che hanno dietro la difesa degli interessi di organizzazioni private o governative. Questi metodi prendono il nome di "disinformazione" o "astroturfing". Quest'ultimo termine si riferisce a un erba artificiale per i campi sportivi: sembra erba vera, ma non lo è.
Negli ultimi tempi, sembra che queste tecniche abbiano raggiunto un grado di sofisticazione e di diffusione impressionante. Un buon esempio sta nella campagna anti-rinnovabili degli ultimi tempi. Un recente volantino anti-eolico è un esempio addirittura plateale di astroturfing. Ma rimane sempre molto difficile avere prove precise. Per esempio, la mia proposta che il recente (e disgustoso) film "No Pressure" sia una forma di disinformazione diretta contro il movimento ambientalista ha suscitato alcune reazioni negative anche piuttosto aggressive. Questo mi fa sospettare di essere nel giusto, ma devo ammettere di non avere prove (ma non ha nemmeno prove chi sostiene il contrario di quello che sostengo io)
Ci sono, tuttavia, diversi casi nella storia dove l'azione di disinformazione e/o astroturfing è stata provata. Uno è quello dell'azione propagandistica dell'industria del tabacco negli Stati Uniti, che ha usato estesamente queste tecniche per screditare gli scienziati che trovavano effetti dannosi del fumo sulla salute. Nell'articolo che vi incollo, in fondo, George Monbiot ci porta evidenza che il movimento di estrema destra "Tea Party" negli Stati Uniti è stato creato e finanziato dai fratelli Koch delle Koch industries. Ovvero, è stato creato dalla lobby petrolifera con lo scopo di combattere la legislazione che mira a mettere dei limiti alle emissioni e ai danni fatti all'ambiente.
Monbiot non menziona in questo testo il ruolo che hanno avuto (e hanno) i fratelli Koch nella campagna di disinformazione lanciata di recente contro la scienza del clima, ma su questo punto si può leggere la storia raccontata da Jim Hoggan e Richard Littlemore.
Questo tipo di campagne di disinformazione hanno un'efficacia veramente devastante, soprattutto per il loro carattere virale. Iniziano con un gruppo di professionisti ben pagati. Ma poi c'è gente che ci crede veramente e diffonde il messaggio generando un fenomeno a cascata che alla fine prende dimensioni incontrollabili. E' il caso dei "Tea Parties" Americano, ma anche il caso di persone che hanno creduto in buona fede al messaggio anti-scientifico della lobby del petrolio e del carbone diffuso contro la scienza del clima.
In sostanza, come dice Monbiot "Nothing is real any more. Nothing is as it seems." Non c'è più niente di reale, nulla è quello che sembra. Lo spazio mediatico è diventato un labirinto di specchi: vedi immagini di questa o quest'altra cosa, ma non sai esattamente se l'immagine che vedi è reale o è una falsa riflessione di qualcosa di completamente diverso. Come si vede in questa suggestiva immagine dal New York Times.
Vi lascio ora all'articolo di George Monbiot; preziosissimo anche per i riferimenti bibliografici che fornisce. In ogni caso, ricordatevi che - là fuori - non sapete chi vi sta imbrogliando e neppure perché; ma perlomeno potete sospettarlo.
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http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2010/10/25/toxic-brew/
Toxic Brew
The Tea Parties didn’t arise spontaneously: they were boiled up by big business
by George Monbiot, published in The Guardian, 26 October 2010
The Tea Party movement is remarkable in two respects. It is one of the biggest exercises in false consciousness the world has ever seen. And it is the biggest "astroturf operation" in history. These accomplishments are closely related.
An astroturf campaign is a fake grassroots movement: it purports to be a spontaneous uprising of concerned citizens, but in reality it is founded and funded by elite interests. Some astroturf campaigns have no grassroots component at all(1). Others catalyse and direct real mobilisations. The Tea Party movement belongs in the second category. It is mostly composed of passionate, well-meaning people who think they are fighting elite power, and who are unaware that they’ve been organised by the very interests they believe they are confronting. We now have powerful evidence that the movement was established and has been guided with the help of money from billionaires and big business. Much of this money, as well as much of the strategy and staffing, were provided by two brothers who run what they call “the biggest company you’ve never heard of.”(2)
Charles and David Koch own 84% of Koch Industries, which is the second-largest private company in the United States. It runs oil refineries, coal suppliers, chemical plants and logging firms. It turns over roughly $100bn a year, and the brothers are each worth $21bn(3). The company has had to pay tens of millions of dollars in fines and settlements for oil and chemical spills and other industrial accidents(4,5). The Kochs want to pay less tax, keep more profits and be restrained by less regulation. Their challenge has been to persuade the people harmed by this agenda that it’s good for them.
In July 2010, David Koch told New Yorker magazine, “I’ve never been to a Tea Party event. No one representing the Tea Party has ever even approached me.”(6) But a new fascinating film, "(Astro)Turf Wars," by Taki Oldham, tells a fuller story(7). Oldham infiltrated some of the movement’s key organising events, including the 2009 Defending the Dream summit, convened by a group called Americans for Prosperity. The film shows David Koch addressing the summit. “Five years ago,” he explains, “my brother Charles and I provided the funds to start Americans for Prosperity. It’s beyond my wildest dreams how AFP has grown into this enormous organisation.”
A convenor tells the crowd how AFP mobilised opposition to Barack Obama’s healthcare reforms. “We hit the button and we started doing the Twittering and Facebook and the phonecalls and the emails, and you turned up!” Then a series of AFP organisers tell Mr Koch how they have set up dozens of Tea Party events in their home states. He nods and beams from the podium like a chief executive receiving rosy reports from his regional sales directors. Afterwards, the delegates crowd into AFP workshops, where they are told how to run further Tea Party events(8).
Americans for Prosperity is one of several groups set up by the Kochs to promote their politics. We know their foundations have given it at least $5m(9), but few such records are in the public domain, and the total could be much higher. It has toured the country organising rallies against healthcare reform and the Democrats’ attempts to tackle climate change. It provided the key organising tools which set the Tea Party movement running. The movement began when the CNBC reporter Rick Santelli called from the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for a bankers’ revolt against the undeserving poor(10). (He proposed that the traders should hold a tea party to dump derivative securities in Lake Michigan to prevent Obama’s plan to “subsidise the losers”: by which he meant people whose mortgages had fallen into arrears.) On the same day, Americans for Prosperity set up a Tea Party Facebook page and started organising Tea Party events(11).
Oldham’s film shows how AFP crafted the movement’s messages and drafted its talking points. The New Yorker magazine, in the course of a remarkable exposure of the Koch brothers’ funding networks, interviewed some of their former consultants(12). “The Koch brothers gave the money that founded [the Tea Party],” one of them explained. “It’s like they put the seeds in the ground. Then the rainstorm comes, and the frogs come out of the mud -- and they’re our candidates!” Another observed that the Kochs are smart. “This right-wing, redneck stuff works for them. They see this as a way to get things done without getting dirty themselves.”
The AFP is one of several groups established by the Koch brothers. They set up the Cato Institute, which was the first free market thinktank in the US. They also founded the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, which now fills the role once played by the economics department at Chicago University: as the originator of extreme neoliberal ideas(13,14). Fourteen of the 23 regulations that George W. Bush put on his hitlist were, according to the Wall Street Journal, first suggested by academics working at the Mercatus Center(15).
The Kochs have lavished money on more than 30 other advocacy groups, including the Heritage Foundation, the Manhattan Institute, the George C. Marshall Institute, the Reason Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute(16). These bodies have been instrumental in turning politicians away from environmental laws, social spending, taxing the rich and distributing wealth. They have shaped the widespread demand for small government. The Kochs ensure that their money works for them. “If we’re going to give a lot of money,” David Koch explained to a libertarian journalist, “we’ll make darn sure they spend it in a way that goes along with our intent. And if they make a wrong turn and start doing things we don’t agree with, we withdraw funding.”(17)
Most of these bodies call themselves “free market thinktanks,” but their trick, as "(Astro)Turf Wars" points out, is to conflate crony capitalism with free enterprise, and free enterprise with personal liberty. Between them they have constructed the philosophy which informs the Tea Party movement: its members mobilise for freedom, unaware that the freedom they demand is freedom for corporations to trample them into the dirt. The thinktanks the Kochs have funded devise the game and the rules by which it is played; Americans for Prosperity coaches and motivates the team.
Astroturfing is now taking off in the United Kingdom. Earlier this month, Spinwatch showed how a fake grassroots group set up by health insurers helped shape the Tories’ NHS reforms(18). Billionaires and corporations are capturing the political process everywhere; anyone with an interest in democracy should be thinking about how to resist them. Nothing is real any more. Nothing is as it seems.
References:
1. See, for example, the exposure of astroturfing in Chapter 2 of my book "Heat: how to stop the planet burning," 2006.
2. http://www.portfolio.com/executives/features/2008/10/15/Profile-of-Billionaire-David-Koch/index3.html
3. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/13/tea-party-billionaire-koch-brothers
4. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2010/3/koch-industries-secretly-fund.pdf
5. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all
6. http://nymag.com/news/features/67285/
7. http://astroturfwars.org/
8. http://astroturfwars.org/
9. Greenpeace’s report on funding by the Koch brothers and their foundations shows that they spent $5m on AFP’s Hot Air tour alone. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2010/3/koch-industries-secretly-fund.pdf
10. http://www.cnbc.com/id/29283701/Rick_Santelli_s_Shout_Heard_Round_the_World
11. http://astroturfwars.org/
12. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all
13. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all
14. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2010/3/koch-industries-secretly-fund.pdf
15. http://mercatus.org/media_clipping/rule-breaker-washington-tiny-think-tank-wields-big-stick-regulation
16. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2010/3/koch-industries-secretly-fund.pdf
17. Interview with Brian Doherty, reported by The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all
18. http://www.spinwatch.org.uk/blogs-mainmenu-29/tamasin-cave-mainmenu-107/5391-private-health-lobby-out-in-force-at-tory-conference